Diabetic ketoacidosis is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by insulin deficiency and increased glucose levels in the bloodstream. When insulin is lacking, glucose cannot enter cells, leading to tissue starvation. Under conditions of stress, such as infection or pancreatitis, the body breaks down fat to produce ketone bodies as an alternative fuel source. While ketone bodies can temporarily sustain tissues requiring glucose, they also cause pH and electrolyte imbalances, leading to dehydration and further complications.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include lethargy, depression, dehydration, and high blood glucose levels. Ketones may be detected in the urine. Treatment aims to correct imbalances, stabilize the patient, and establish initial diabetes regulation. The prognosis is fair if the complicating disease can be resolved, but round-the-clock monitoring of electrolytes and blood sugars is necessary, incurring significant expenses.
Treatment Options
In the hospital, immediate treatment is crucial. Electrolyte monitoring is required due to their rapid changes. Intravenous fluids are crucial to treat dehydration and correct metabolic derangements. Blood sugar levels must be controlled, but dropping them slowly is vital to prevent brain damage. Regular insulin is used, and potassium and phosphorus supplements are often necessary. If blood pH is overly acidic, sodium bicarbonate may be added.
The underlying cause of ketoacidosis must be determined and treated. In dogs, common precipitating factors include pancreatitis, urinary tract infection, and Cushing's disease.
Patients in ketoacidosis require intensive care and close monitoring. When ketones are no longer detected in the urine, the patient is eating well and in good spirits, they can go home and be managed as a regular diabetic. Ongoing management will include diet, monitoring, insulin administration, and regular check-ups. Home monitoring using Ketostix is beneficial to detect ketones early and prevent extreme complications in the future.
After a dog has been diagnoses with ketoacidosis, regular communication with your vet is crucial to ensure their continued health and safety.
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