Mast cells are an essential part of the immune system's defense against parasites. Normally found in tissues that interface with the external environment, such as the skin, respiratory tract, or intestinal tract, mast cells contain granules filled with inflammatory biochemicals used to combat invading parasites. These granules act like small bombs, and mast cells are equipped with binding sites for IgE antibodies, which are produced in response to exposure to parasite-related antigens. When IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, the cells become sensitized.
Upon encountering the specific antigen they were designed for, IgE antibodies signal to mast cells to degranulate, releasing their toxic biochemicals to kill the invading parasite. However, in a clean environment with few parasites, IgE/mast cell systems can become stimulated by non-parasitic antigens, such as pollen proteins, leading to allergies instead of parasite defense.
Mast Cell Tumors
Mast cell tumors are masses formed from numerous mast cells. These tumors can be unstable and release their granules upon contact or at random, causing allergic symptoms that do not necessarily relate to specific antigens. Even handling the tumor can trigger reactions like redness, itching, and swelling. Mast cell tumors are known for their invasiveness and difficulty in treatment. They often have tentacle-like extensions beyond what is visible, making complete removal challenging.
In Cats
- Mast cell tumors in cats usually affect older individuals.
- They can be cutaneous (skin) or visceral (internal).
- Cutaneous tumors are classified as mastocytic or atypical, with well-differentiated tumors having a better prognosis.
- Atypical tumors occur in younger adult cats and can sometimes regress spontaneously.
- Surgery is the primary treatment for cutaneous tumors.
- Visceral tumors, involving organs like the spleen, liver, and intestine, are more serious.
- Splenectomy can be therapeutic for splenic involvement, depending on the extent of disease.
- Chemotherapy protocols in cats vary, and prognosis can be influenced by factors like appetite.
- Histamine release from mast cell tumors can lead to inflammation and is often treated with antihistamines.
- Tigilanol tiglate is a new treatment that can be injected directly into the tumor, causing swelling and ultimately promoting healing.
In cats, staging the tumor is essential for determining the extent of spread and guiding treatment decisions. Mast cell tumors are complex and require a tailored approach, which may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or other therapies. Regular monitoring and follow-up are crucial to assess treatment effectiveness and manage potential complications. Referral to a cancer specialist may be considered, especially for challenging cases.
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